Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common mental disorder affecting children. It is estimated that 3% to 7% of all children have ADHD with a higher occurrence in boys. Studies have also shown that between 30% and 70% of children with ADHD continue to manifest symptoms in adulthood.
There are 3 subtypes of ADHD: inattentive, hyperactive-impulse, and combined ADHD.
Symptoms of ADHD are inattention, distractibility, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
The cause of ADHD is still unknown although a combination of environmental and genetic factors seems to be involved. Head trauma, exposure to lead, exposure to maternal smoking and drug use, and low-birth weight are thought to be possible causes. Increased incidence in children whose parents have ADHD suggests that genetic factors may be responsible for ADHD.
Diagnosis can be difficult as symptoms and the consequences of ADHD overlap with other common conditions such as anemia, lead toxicity, thyroid problems, learning disabilities, uncorrected hearing or vision problems, depression, anxiety and bipolar disorder. Hence, a comprehensive assessment is essential for accurate diagnosis. Critical components of the assessment include family history of neurological, psychological, and learning problems; child’s developmental, behavioral, and psychosocial history; physical and neurological examination; laboratory testing for anemia, lead and thyroid function; and behavioral checklists for parents and teachers.
Treatment usually involves drugs such as psychostimulants, nonstimulant-noradrenergic reuptake blockers and α-agonist antihypertensive agents. In addition, behaviour training techniques, counseling, parent training and classroom management are other key components of ADHD treatment.
Reference:
DeNisco S, Tiago C, Kravitz C (2005) Evaluation and Treatment of Pediatric ADHD. Nurse Practitioner, 30(8):14-23.